LessonsUpon completion of this module, you will be able to… Discuss the care and nursing implications for a patient with a facial or skull fracture Discuss the care and nursing...
Overview Other disorders can affect the nervous system, both in the CNS and the PNS Nursing Points General Trigeminal Neuralgia Damage to 5th cranial nerve Tumor, Multiple Sclerosis, Trauma Bell’s...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Discuss the difference in pathophysiology between a hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. Discuss priorities for assessment of a patient who has...
Overview Detailed, thorough, frequent neurological assessments Early detection + early treatment = better outcomes Nursing Points Assessment Varies by Location MCA – classic FAST symptoms → contralateral manifestations Basilar –...
Overview Remove source of decreased blood flow Stop bleed, repair leak Remove clot, prevent new clot Faster intervention = minimize damaged brain cells Nursing Points Therapeutic Management Ischemic Permissive Hypertension...
Overview Prevent further brain tissue damage Optimize functional ability Nursing Points Nursing Concepts Monitor level of consciousness (refer to LOC lesson) Monitor neurological status (refer to Neuro Assessment lesson) Monitor...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Describe the basic types of seizures Explain the possible causes of seizures and conditions that put patients at risk for...
Overview Abrupt, abnormal, excessive, uncontrolled electrical activity in neurons of the brain Types Generalized – both hemispheres Tonic-clonic Stiffening (contraction) Jerking/Twitching Loss of Consciousness Absence Stare off into space Unaware...
Overview Assess for risk before, safety during, and changes in level of consciousness afterwards. Nursing Points Assessment Before Seizure Risk Factors Assess for medication compliance Assess for Aura Sensation that...
Overview Seizures diagnosed using EEG brain wave measurement Medications given to stop or prevent seizures Nursing Points Therapeutic Management EEG Diagnostics Types of brain waves Where seizures occurring How severe...
Overview Overgrowth of cells → Mass in brain tissue Per Monro-Kellie Hypothesis: Increased ICP Compresses brain tissue May grow unnoticed until disturbing symptoms General symptoms may be ignored Nursing Points...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Describe basic cardiac anatomy Describe coronary circulation Identify heart sounds and the meaning of abnormal sounds Discuss the basics of...
Overview Heart has its own system of arteries to supply blood to myocardium Nursing Points General Coronary circulation branches off aorta above aortic valve Coronary perfusion during diastole Aorta Right...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… List the three (3) types of Acute Coronary Syndromes. Explain the root cause of Acute Coronary Syndrome. Discuss the consequences...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Describe the basic pathophysiology of left versus right-sided heart failure Discuss symptom presentation of left versus right-sided heart failure Describe...
The Neuro course will break down the most important things you need to know about the brain and nervous system! This is literally the command center for the whole body...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Understand the FiO2 associated with various oxygen delivery devices and how to choose an appropriate oxygen delivery device based on...
Overview Airway suctioning used to remove secretions from airway Nursing Points General Indications Oropharyngeal Excess Saliva Oral secretions Can use oral airway Nasopharyngeal Nasal drainage Unable to use oral route...
Overview Ventilation provides positive pressure breaths Ventilators have alarms to alert of trouble delivering set breaths Nursing Points General Causes High-Pressure Alarm Kinked Tubing Excess Secretions Biting on Tube Coughing...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Explain the pathophysiology and nursing implications for blunt chest trauma, including rib fractures, flail chest, and pulmonary contusions. Discuss the...
Overview Blunt Chest Trauma Motor Vehicle Collision Fall from height Hit by something in chest Explosion – shock wave Nursing Points General Complication Rib Fractures Flail Chest Pulmonary Contusions Pneumothorax...
Overview Chest tube is inserted through chest wall into pleural space, in order to: Drain fluid, blood, or air Pleural Effusion Hemothorax Pneumothorax Post-Op drainage Establish negative pressure (one-way valve)...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Discuss the nursing management and safety considerations for a patient before, during, and after bronchoscopy. Discuss the nursing management and...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Discuss the macro and micro anatomy of the nervous system. Explain the basics of impulse transmission within the nervous system....
Overview The nervous system has specialized cells and multiple divisions to carry out specific functions within the body. Nursing Points General Macro Anatomy Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral...
Overview The brain has very high perfusion and energy (glucose) requirements. Nursing Points General Perfusion requirements The brain uses: 20% of total cardiac output (CO) 20% of total delivered oxygen...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Describe the 7 levels of consciousness (Normal, Confused, Delirious, Somnolent, Obtunded, Stuporous, Comatose) Discuss what assessments should be included in...
Overview Neurological changes can occur for various reasons – noticing small changes can mean the patient gets help sooner. Nursing Points General Priority assessments Alertness Orientation Response to Pain Assessment...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Discuss the difference between Multiple Sclerosis and Myasthenia Gravis and the implications of both on patient care. Explain the pathophysiology...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Explain the pathophysiology of diseases that affect the blood vessels of the cardiovascular system. Explain the pathophysiology of disease that...
Overview Includes Autism-spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease ASD and ADHD discussed in Peds course Nursing Points General Dementia definition: a broad category of brain diseases...
Overview When anxiety gets worse, patients attempt to cope by utilizing defense mechanisms Nursing Points General Common defense mechanisms Compensation – trying to make up for a deficiency Conversion –...
The Mental Health Course aims to cut through the chaos of Psych-Mental Health disorders and really bring clarity to these conditions. Mental Illness affects everyone and is more prevalent than...
Overview Grief – The natural human response of deep sorrow after the loss (death, separation) of someone important, and the attempt to deal with that loss Loss – Definition: state...
Overview Patients with a consistent feeling of hopelessness, guilt, and worthlessness that are so overwhelming that they don’t want to live anymore and attempt to end their life Nursing Points...
The OB (Obstetrics) Course breaks down the most important things you need to know to care for a client before, during, and after pregnancy. Every aspect is broken down into...
The Pediatrics Course offers a glimpse into diseases that commonly affect children. Caring for a child requires a different approach to care and prioritization. We help walk you through how...
Overview While there are many different theories of growth and development in the pediatric patient, we will focus our studies on Erikson’s Theory as this is the most commonly studied,...
Overview Anemia ↓ Amount of RBCs or hemoglobin in blood ↓ Capacity of blood to carry oxygen 4 Primary types of anemia Iron-deficiency Pernicious Aplastic Sickle Cell Iron deficiency is...
Overview Loss of free water in greater proportion than sodium loss Nursing Points General Pediatric patients are at a higher risk for dehydration due to: Higher body water content than...
Overview Definition: it’s really important to establish good rapport and trust with all patients, but in particular your mental health patients. Trust is essential. Communication is essential. Empathy, respect, religious/spiritual...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Verbalize the basic definition of shock Discuss the different types of shock and their physiological impact in the body Describe...
The Cardiac course is an integrative course covering some of the most common and most important information and disease processes related to the Cardiac and Cardiovascular system. In this course,...
Understanding and interpreting electrocardiogram (EKG) rhythms can be confusing and intimidating. This course will show you the basics of how electricity flows through the heart and how that translates onto...
Overview Premature atrial contraction Additional stimulus initiated in the atria Not originated by SA node Causes a premature contraction by the atria Decreased filling time in atria Common arrhythmia Normal...
Overview Supraventricular tachycardia Increased electrical stimulation in atria or AV node Stimulates ventricles to contract rapidly 150-250 BPM Decreasing cardiac output Nursing Points General Characteristics of Supraventricular Tachycardia Rhythm Regular...
Overview Premature ventricular contraction Additional stimulus initiated in the ventricle Causes a premature contraction of the ventricles Decreased filling time Decreased cardiac output Ventricles contract before atria can contract (no...
Overview Ventricular Tachycardia Multiple unorganized electrical signals in the ventricles Ventricles contract at a rate of 150-250 bpm May or may not have pulse Significantly reduces CO and perfusion Nursing...
Overview Ventricular Fibrillation Multiple unorganized electrical signals in the ventricles Causing the ventricles to quiver Wavy lines Heart not able to pump blood out Zero cardiac output Life threatening emergency...
Overview 1st degree AV heart block Conduction delay in the AV node Prolonged conduction from the atria to ventricles PR interval >0.20 seconds Nursing Points General Characteristics of 1st degree...
Overview 2nd degree AV heart block type 1 Impulse from atria have difficulties reaching ventricles AV node is defective Progressively prolonged PR interval Some QRS are dropped Also called Mobitz...
Overview 2nd degree AV heart block type 2 Impulse from atria have difficulties reaching ventricles Defective AV node Defective conduction system in ventricles Dropped QRS Also called Mobitz Type II...
Overview 3rd degree AV heart block Complete heart block Atria are contracting at own pace Signal unable to get to the ventricles Ventricles are contracting at own slow pace Decreased...
Overview Legal Aspects of Documentation Part of Patient’s Medical Record Record in Real Time Falsifying Documentation Subject to Litigation, Audit and Review Nursing Points General Legal Aspects of Documentation Part...
Overview Abnormal openings in the lip and palate that may occur on one or both sides and complete or incomplete Nursing Points General Result of facial tissues not forming properly...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Describe the pathophysiology and nursing implications for a patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Describe the pathophysiology and nursing implications for a...
The Musculoskeletal course covers some of the most common Musculoskeletal Diseases. The musculoskeletal system literally forms the framework for our body. It’s how we move around, it’s how we function...
Overview There are various skin disorders or conditions you need to be aware of in addition to those in other lessons. Nursing Points General Detailed skin assessments should be done...
The Hematology/Oncology/Immunology course combines discussion of some of the most common blood disorders, cancers, and autoimmune diseases. These three systems are intertwined because they’re all related to blood cells and...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Describe the pathophysiology of anemia and discuss priorities for nursing care. Describe the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia and discuss...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Discuss the pathophysiology and nursing implications for a patient with cholecystitis Discuss the pathophysiology and nursing implications for a patient...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Discuss the pathophysiology and nursing implications of Chronic Kidney Disease Discuss the pathophysiology and nursing implications of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia...
Overview Function of the kidneys Maintain acid-base balance (bicarbonate buffer) Fluid and electrolyte balance Secrete renin to aid in blood pressure regulation Erythropoietin (stimulate bone marrow to produce RBCs) Urine...
The Respiratory Course covers the most important lung-related issues. The lungs are how we get oxygen, which we need to survive, so we make sure you understand how to assess...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Identify location and description of normal lung sounds Describe adventitious lung sounds and their general cause Discuss the pathophysiology and...
Overview Each area of the lung should have a specific sound – if any other sound is heard in that location, there is a disease process occurring. Nursing Points General...
Overview Atelectasis is the collapse of a lung or lung lobe due to the deflating of the alveoli Nursing Points General Collapse of lung Alveoli deflate Common after surgery Shallow...
Overview Gas exchange = exchange of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli of the lungs. Nursing Points General Oxygenation – O2 into bloodstream Ventilation – air in and out Respiration...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Describe the pathophysiology and priority treatments for Asthma Describe the pathophysiology and priority treatments for COPD Discuss the causes of...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Discuss the pathophysiology and prevention of infectious respiratory processes (influenza, tuberculosis, and pneumonia) Discuss the priorities for treatment of infectious...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Describe the pathophysiology and implications for nursing care for a patient with leukemia. Describe the pathophysiology and implications for nursing...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Describe the pathophysiology and nursing implications for a patient with AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). Describe the pathophysiology and nursing...
The Metabolic and Endocrine Course reviews the major organs and glands involved in secreting hormones in our bodies. Hormones are responsible for regulating nearly every basic function of our body,...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Discuss the pathophysiology of adrenal disorders and differences between Addison’s Disease and Cushing’s Syndrome Discuss the impact of ADH on...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Discuss the pathophysiology and nursing implications of Appendicitis Discuss the pathophysiology and nursing implications of Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis Discuss the pathophysiology and...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Discuss the pathophysiology of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Discuss the presentation and priorities for nursing care for...
The genitourinary system involves all of our urinary and reproductive systems. In this course you will learn about acute and chronic renal (urinary) disorders, as well as male and female...
Upon completion of this module, you will be able to… Discuss the pathophysiology and nursing implications of GERD Discuss the pathophysiology and nursing implications of a Hiatal Hernia Discuss the...
Overview Steroid medications = Synthetic version of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids Review of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids Secreted by the adrenal glands (located on the top of each kidney) Glucocorticoids Functions Increase...
Overview Seven different kinds of antibiotics (focus on Penicillin and Cephalosporin in this lesson) Penicillin Cephalosporin Tetracycline Macrolide Aminoglycosides Fluroquinolone Sulfonamides Indication Penicillin Gram Positive- Bacterial Infection Streptococci Staphylococci Cephalosporin...
Overview NSAID = Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Indication Mild to moderate pain Inflammation Fever Myocardial infarction and Stroke (Aspirin) Patho background Cox-1 prostaglandin functions to Protect stomach Increase clot formation (stop...
Overview Indications Hypertension Heart failure Angina Myocardial infarction Patho Background Veins and arteries produce nitric oxide Nitric oxide causes vasodilation Mechanism of action Vasodilation Decreases preload and afterload of blood...
Overview MAOI = monoamine oxidase inhibitors Indication [Depression- usually a last resort due to side effects Patho background Monoamine oxidase enzymes breakdown neurotransmitters like dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin Neurotransmitters...
Overview Magnesium Sulfate Indications Treat hypomagnesemia Normal range 1.5-2.5 Torsade de point Lethal arrhythmia caused by low Mg level- Code Blue! Preeclampsia Control seizures in pregnant women Maintain magnesium levels...
Overview HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Indication High cholesterol Prevention of stroke Prevention of coronary vascular disease Decreases plaque formation in vessels Blood vessels are wider and blood can flow pretty easily...
Overview Hydralazine- direct acting vasodilator Indications Hypertension Heart failure Mechanism of action Unclear 3 types of mechanism suggested Releases nitric oxide from vascular endothelial cells causing vasodilation Blocks the entry...
Overview Histamine 2 Receptor Blockers Mechanism of action Blocks histamine from binding to histamine 2 receptors decreasing acid in the stomach Patho background Histamine 2 blockers are in the stomach...
Overview Histamine 1 Receptor Blockers Mechanism of action Patho background Histamines are part of the bodies inflammatory reaction to allergens Histamine binds to histamine receptors causing- Itching Increased mucus secretion...
Overview Colony-stimulating factors Two types Epoetin Alfa Increases red blood cells Mechanism of action Epoetin Alfa acts like erythropoietin (a factor usually produced by the kidneys when RBC’s are low)...
Overview Diuretics Affect reabsorption of fluids electrolytes in the nephrons in the kidneys Review of the Nephron and what it does It is the functional unit of the kidney It...
Overview Cardiac Glycoside Examples Digoxin Digitoxin Quabain Indications Heart failure Atrial flutter Atrial fibrillation How they work Block sodium and potassium channels in the heart Causing an increase in sodium...
Overview Indication Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Stress Gastritis Often hospitilized patients Dyspepsia Mechanism of action Irreversibly block hydrogen-potassium ATP pump or Gastic Proton Pump Decreases hydrogen ion concentration Decreases 99% of...
Overview Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB’s) Examples Medications ending in “dipine” affect blood vessels but does not affect the heart Amlodipine, Nicardipine, Nifedipine, Nimodipine, Felodipine Diltiazem and Verapamil- affects heart and...
Overview Benzodiazepines Medications ending in “zepam” Diazepam- widely used Lorazepam- widely used Temazepam Oxazepam Clonazepam Flurazepam Indications Anxiety Sedation Seizures Alcohol withdrawal Post-operative muscle spasms How Benzodiazepines work- Increase secretion...
Overview Two classes of Anti-psychotic medications Conventional (sometimes called First Generation) Older drugs Treat “positive” symptoms of schizophrenia Positive symptoms- Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, movements disorder Examples- Phenothiazines and Nonpheothiazines...
Overview Medications that block Angiotensin II from having their usual effect. Drugs that end in “sartan” Losartan Valsartan Indications High blood pressure Heart failure Preventing kidney damage in patients with...
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PLEASE NOTE THAT IN THE VIDEO THE EDUCATOR STATES DIGOXIN IS “MCG/ML”–> THE CORRECT UNIT OF MEASURE IS NG/ML Certain drugs require frequent serum monitoring to ensure an adequate blood...
Note: In the video drawing of the neuron, the axon is not the body. It is the cell body, the axon, and then the dandrites in the drawing. The process...
In the Art of War, Sun Tzu stated: “If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself...
If you have gone to one day of nursing school you understand that “critical thinking” is a buzzword. Nursing schools love to talk about critical thinking. Why? The job of...
Time management is perhaps the one element of nursing that all nurses, from novice to expert, struggle with more than anything else. From the moment you enter nursing school you...
Overview Lack of coordination between extraocular muscles resulting in inability to direct both eyes at the same point. Often referred to as “cross-eyed”. Nursing Points General Normal finding in infant...
Overview Complex neurodevelopmental disorders that cause Impairments in social communication & social interactions Restricted interests Repetitive behavior. Nursing Points General Spectrum: diagnosis based on scale of severity of two main...
Overview Viral infection that primarily affects the parotid (salivary) glands Nursing Points General Rare with vaccination Direct or droplet spread Most contagious for 5 days following onset of symptoms Assessment...
Overview Contagious viral respiratory infection Spread by contact or droplet transmission or contact with something the infected person has touched Nursing Points General 3 Types A&B- more severe and contagious...
When I was in college the first time I randomly enrolled in an Anatomy and Physiology course. At the time I was a Health Science major. My goal was to...
You will have few opportunities in life to feel as inundated as you will during nursing school. Sometimes it feels like the entire object of nursing school is to see...
Pathophysiology: A vessel ruptures and bleeds into the brain. This puts pressure and blood on the brain as the blood accumulates. This can be caused by a weakened vessel such...
Pathophysiology: An ischemic stroke is when there is a loss of blood circulating to an area of the brain. This can occur because blood flow is blocked by a blood...
Pathophysiology: This can be caused by many problems but seizures happen because there is an abnormal electrical activity happening in the brain. This causes the seizure. It can be brought...
Overview Fractures of skull and vertebrae require massive force Nursing Points General Facial Fractures Risks: Airway concerns Vision loss Basilar Skull Fractures Base of skull = where brain sits May...
Overview Damage to the main cord of nerves running from the brain, down the spinal column, which branches out to innervate the body. Nursing Points General Complete Cord Injury Cut...
Pathophysiology: Inflammation of the meninges usually caused by bacteria or a virus. This inflammation caused symptoms of the CNS. Overview Inflammation of the membranes around brain and spinal cord Virus...
Overview Understanding cardiac anatomy helps to better understand cardiovascular physiology. Nursing Points General The heart is a pump Muscular tissue called myocardium Made up of 4 chambers Houses 4 valves...
Overview of Heart Sound Locations Heart sounds correspond to closing valves Abnormal heart sounds Murmur S3 S4 Nursing Points General Normal Heart Sounds Aortic – S2 > S1 Pulmonic –...
Overview Measuring various pressure and volumes within heart and CV system. Nursing Points General Hemodynamics measures how well our blood moves forward Recap Cardiac Cycle S1/S2 CO = SV x...
NOTE: At around 08:20 Jon says PVR is peripheral vascular resistance, but it should be pulmonary vascular resistance. This is correct in the outline and transcript. Overview of Preload and...
Overview for Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Angina: General Angina is chest pain that is caused by lack of blood flow to the heart. It is primarily categorized into two...
Overview of Myocardial Infarction (MI) Sudden restriction of blood supply to a portion of the heart causing ischemia and death to the muscle tissue Nursing Points General Myocardial infarction literally...
Overview Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) = blocked vessels May Require Surgical Intervention Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) General Goal of therapy Restore perfusion Indications PCI STEMI...
Overview Syndrome of Brain Dysfunction Disorder or disease of brain caused by damage to brain tissue/cells Nursing Points General Examples Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Damage due to repeated concussions i.e. Professional...
Pathophysiology: Loss of dopamine and a break down of the dopaminergic pathway causes the motor activity to be underactive and uncontrolled. With the lack of dopamine, the nerves fire signals...
Overview Therapies for Heart Failure are primarily focused on decreasing volume overload, relieving the stress on the heart, and improving the heart’s ability to pump effectively. In other words, decreasing...
Overview Choose appropriate device in coordination with PCP and RT Nursing Points General Start at least invasive device Doctor’s order to advance devices Keep Respiratory Therapist aware Assessment Monitor SpO2...
Overview Artificial airways are devices used to protect airway or provide ventilation Nursing Points General Purpose Protect airway when patient can’t Provide route for mechanical ventilation Assessment Assess Airway Assess...
Pathophysiology: Pneumothorax- A trauma occurs to the pleural space and air accumulates within the space. This puts positive pressure in a space that is normally filled with negative pressure. The...
Overview Purpose – to visualize airways to diagnose issues or remove obstructions. Nursing Points General Indications Diagnose Persistent Cough Hemoptysis Abnormal CXR Biopsy/Sampling Treat Washout Sputum Remove Obstruction Assessment Before...
Overview Purpose is to drain pleural fluid (pleural effusion or hemothorax) Nursing Points General Indications Diagnose Sampling Pleural Fluid Biopsy Treat Remove Fluid Symptomatic Relief Contraindications Anticoagulant or Bleeding Disorder...
Pathophysiology: Nerve impulse transmissions are defected. The body forms autoantibodies against ACh receptors. This blocks AChR. This causes a reduced about of receptor sites, which causes a reduced transmission of...
Overview Impulse transmission in neurons, controlled by neurotransmitters. Nursing Points General Parts of Neuron Body – houses nucleus Axon Myelin sheath – insulates nerve from impulse Nodes of Ranvier –...
Overview The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a set of characteristics within the vessels and cells that prevent certain substances from entering the brain. Nursing Points General Function Controlled by...
Overview Routine neuro assessments with every head to toe nursing assessment Nursing Points General Assess every 4-8 hours per unit routine Level of Consciousness Glasgow Coma Scale Pupillary Assessment Extremity...
Overview Adjunct assessments performed if further information required. Nursing Points General If abnormal findings on routine, add the following to gain more information: Brainstem reflexes Nuchal rigidity Babinski’s Reflex Doll’s...
Overview Brain death is a diagnosis that indicates legal and clinical death Nursing Points General Comatose Unresponsive Blood Flow intact Brain activity present Brain Death No brainstem reflexes Cough/Gag/Corneal Breathing...
Overview Intracranial Pressure Pressure within cranium (skull) Normal = 5-15 mmHg Intervention required at >20 mmHg Nursing Points General Monro-Kellie Hypothesis Skull = fixed box 3 components Brain tissue Blood...
Overview CPP = MAP – ICP Nursing Points General Definition Amount of pressure available to perfuse the brain Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) = systemic blood pressure pushing upward Intracranial Pressure...
Pathophysiology: This occurs when there has been an insult to the nervous system caused by a previous virus in a person that is genetically at risk of an abnormal response...
Pathophysiology: In heart failure, the heart does not pump effectively. This can occur because of many reasons but usually, because there has been damage to the heart tissue. The...
Overview Inflammatory condition of the lungs Primarily affecting the alveoli May fill with fluid or pus Infectious vs Noninfectious Infectious Bacterial v. Viral Non-infectious Aspiration Pathophysiology: Pneumonia is an inflammatory...
Overview A sense of worry or nervousness, typically about an upcoming event with an uncertain outcome. Anxiety is a normal part of life, we get concerned when it is persistent,...
Overview Definition: Daily unrealistic, excessive, uncontrollable, persistent anxiety that manifests into physical symptoms Nursing Points General The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social,...
Objective: To understand the etiology, presentation, and nursing implications for a patient with posttraumatic stress disorder. Etiology: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder occurs as a result of a traumatic experience and...
Overview Physical symptoms, worry, and complaints with no organic physiological explanation Many patients will also have issues with anxiety Secondary gain is noted from varying physical issues Nursing Points General...
Overview Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous thoughts, memories or feelings There is an interruption in conscious awareness Conscious awareness becomes disassociated from the past Can result...
Overview What’s a mood? Emotional states that are subjective and difficult to define / long term emotional states Nursing Points General Mood disorders: emotional extremes and challenges in regulating mood...
Overview Definition: state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person’s thoughts, behaviors, feelings, and sense of wellbeing Nursing Points General Can be mild, moderate, severe...
Overview A long term mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior, disturbances in mood, thought processes, behavior, affect. Nursing Points General To be diagnosed, they need to have 2 of...
Overview There are 5 different types of schizophrenia, categorized by their unique behaviors and symptoms Nursing Points Assessment Catatonic schizophrenia Stupor and immobility Other motor abnormalities Disorganized schizophrenia Disorganized speech/thoughts...
Overview This includes paranoid personality disorders (Cluster A), paranoia, paranoia-induced state, and paranoid schizophrenia Nursing Points General Characterized by delusions, irrationality and closely related to anxiety and fear. Patients typically...
Overview Definition: a group of maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner culture that make maintaining relationships and functioning very difficult. Nursing Points General Patients do NOT experience breaks in...
Overview Broad definition: very disturbed eating habits that profoundly affect one’s mental and physical health These affect men and women Nursing Points General Anorexia Nervosa Preoccupation with food Very distorted...
Overview Definition: a set of symptoms that result after one attempts to quit or abruptly stops consuming alcohol for a long period of time. The brain gets used to chronic...
Overview There are certain developmental milestones that should be achieved at each age group. Nursing Points General Developmental milestones include Growth Weight Anatomical and Physiological changes Motor Development Language Development...
Overview Hereditary disorder that primarily affects African Americans by recessive trait If both parents are carriers there is a 25% of their offspring having SCA, 50% chance of being a...
Overview Impairment of the body’s ability to control blood clotting due to deficiency in specific clotting proteins. X-linked recessive disorder (hereditary disorder) Carrier females pass to male Nursing Points General...
Overview Temp >38 C or 100.4 F Benefits of a fever include Increase WBC activity Increase antibody production Brief, self-limiting illnesses that cause a fever are very common A small...
Overview Impaired metabolism of essential amino acid phenylalanine. Occurs 1 in every 15,000 live births in the United States Associated with cognitive and behavioral deficits if untreated. Nursing Points General...
Inspection Begin your assessment of the skin by looking at the general color or pigmentation of the patient. The patient’s color should be consistent with the genetic makeup...
Overview Diagnosed after readings fall into hypertensive category on three separate occasions. Classified in stages Visit Mayo Clinic for more information on stages: http://goo.gl/icZSxe Pathophysiology: Hypertension is high blood pressure....
Overview of Sinus Bradycardia Characteristics of sinus bradycardia SA node initiates electrical conduction Same as normal sinus rhythm but HR <60 Rhythm Regular Heart rate <60 P:QRS ratio 1:1 PR...
Overview Valves do not open fully (stenosis) Valves do not close fully (regurgitation) Blood flow / Cardiac output is jeopardized Pathophysiology: There are different valvular disorders. The vales might not...
Overview Endocarditis – inflammation inner lining and valves of heart Pericarditis – inflammation outer lining, the pericardial sac around heart Pathophysiology: Endocarditis is inflammation within the heart. The inner lining...
Overview Abnormality of the heart muscle leads to functional changes Pathophysiology: Dilated cardiomyopathy occurs when the myocardium will dilate, thin, and undergo hypertrophy. This is caused by viral infections, toxins,...
Pathophysiology: Arterial disorders occur from different diseases such as peripheral arterial disease, Raynaud’s, and Buerger’s. The arteries carry oxygenated blood throughout the body. In arterial disorders, there is a problem...
Overview Dilation or outpouching of the aorta due to the weakened medial layer of the blood vessel. Most commonly caused by hypertension. Pathophysiology: This caused by a weakened medial layer...
Overview Thrombus (clot) formation with associated inflammation in extremity. Pathophysiology: Inflammation of the vein because of a blood clot. Venous status, damage to the vessel, and hypercoagulability cause the blood...
Pathophysiology: There is low blood flow either from hemorrhage, traumatic injury, dehydration, or burns. There is a loss of the circulating volume so there isn’t enough blood to enter the...
Causes Myocardial infarction (MI) End-stage cardiomyopathy Papillary muscle or valve rupture Cardiac tamponade Pulmonary embolism (PE) Sudden, severe, extreme heart failure Decreased Perfusion ↓ CO ↓ BP ↑ HR (compensation)...
Pathophysiolgy: There are several causes but the result will be either an immune response or autonomic response. The response interferes with vascular tone. This causes MASSIVE peripheral vasodilation. Overview...
Overview of Normal Sinus Rhythm Learn the 6 step rhythm interpretation to identify a normal sinus rhythm Nursing Points for Normal Sinus Rhythm General Normal Sinus Rhythm Information Normal Sinus...
Overview of Sinus Tachycardia Characteristics of sinus tachycardia SA node initiates electrical conduction Same as normal sinus rhythm but HR >100 Rhythm Regular Heart rate >100 P:QRS ratio 1:1 PR...
Overview While it is impossible to list every possible disorder of the various body systems, this course will attempt to provide the outline for a basic physical assessment to allow...
Overview of Atrial Flutter Atrial flutter Irritable cells produce additional electrical impulse in atria Causes atria to flutter at a fast rate 250-300 bpm AV node blocks most of the...
Overview Atrial fibrillation Multiple disorganized cells produce additional electrical impulse in atria Causes atria to quiver at a fast rate <300 bpm Unable to effectively contract Pooling of blood in...
The Fundamentals course is the course you’ll definitely want to have for your first semester of nursing school! We introduce the Nursing Process and how to start thinking like a...
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