The Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Course has taken the often confusing topic of Acid-Base Balance broken it down into manageable chunks of information. In this course you will learn the basics of ABGs and how to interpret them quickly and easily! We’ll show you how to identify any abnormalities in the ABG results and how to manage care for those patients confidently.

<h2>Key ABG Lessons In This Course:</h2>
<h3><a href="https://nursing.com/lesson/abg-01-02-abg-interpretation-the-basics/">Lesson 01.02 ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Interpretation-The Basics</a></h3>
In this lesson you will learn the WHY behind arterial blood gas which includes acid-base balance, oxygenation status, and other issues with results and exactly how to interpret them.  
There are 3 basic steps to interpret an arterial blood gas.  The first step is to look at the 3 main values, pH, PaCO2, and bicarb and determine if they are acidotic, alkalotic, or normal.  
The second step is to determine if the source is metabolic or respiratory, and finally the third step is to determine if there is any compensation or fixing of the problem by the body.
<h3><a href="https://nursing.com/lesson/abg-01-03-abg-interpretation-rome/">Lesson 01.03 ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Interpretation – ROME</a></h3>
This lesson teaches how to use the first trick method to interpreting arterial blood gases, the ROME method. 
 ROME stands for respiratory opposite, metabolic equal which helps you to interpret blood gases based on the direction of respiratory or metabolic status compared to the pH. This lesson walks you through the steps to understand each section of the ROME method.
<h3><a href="https://nursing.com/lesson/abg-01-05-respiratory-acidosis/">Lesson 01.05 Respiratory Acidosis</a></h3>
In this lesson you will gain an understanding of the defining lab values associated with respiratory acidosis, low pH and high PaCO2.  
You will also understand the causes, symptoms, and therapeutic management of respiratory acidosis.

Nichole Weaver

Brad Bass

abg-course-introduction

ABG Course (Arterial Blood Gas) Introduction

0 – Arterial Blood Gas Course Introduction

abgs-nursing

ABGs Nursing Normal Lab Values

abg-interpretation-the-basics

ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Interpretation-The Basics

rome-blood-gas

ROME – ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Interpretation

abgs-tic-tac-toe

ABGs Tic-Tac-Toe interpretation Method

respiratory-acidosis

Respiratory Acidosis (interpretation and nursing interventions)

respiratory-alkalosis

Respiratory Alkalosis

metabolic-acidosis

Metabolic Acidosis (interpretation and nursing diagnosis)

metabolic-alkalosis

Metabolic Alkalosis

abg-oxygenation

ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Oxygenation

lactic-acid

Lactic Acid

base-excess-deficit

Base Excess & Deficit

1 – Arterial Blood Gases

<h3>Overview</h3>
<ol>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Lab Values
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">LOW pH (&lt; 7.35)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">HIGH PaCO2 (&gt; 45 mmHg)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">May also see low oxygenation
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">LOW PaO2</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">LOW SpO2</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h3>Nursing Points</h3>
<h4>General</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Causes
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Hypoventilation &#8211; slow or shallow respirations
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Sedative or narcotic overdose</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Brain injury</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Airway obstructions
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Asthma</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">COPD</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Aspiration</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Lung collapse
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Atelectasis</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pneumo/Hemothorax</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Assessment</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Symptoms
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Signs of the cause</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Decreased LOC
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Confusion</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Restlessness</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Dyspnea</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Headache</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Muscle weakness</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Arrhythmias</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Respiratory Acidosis Nursing Interventions</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Address the cause</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Provide supplemental oxygen</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Airway Support
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Bronchodilators</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Artificial airways</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Assisted Ventilation
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Noninvasive ventilation 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">CPAP</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">BiPAP</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Invasive ventilation
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Intubation (ETT)</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Reversal of Drug Overdose
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Naloxone</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Flumazenil</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Nursing Concepts</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Acid-Base Balance</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Gas Exchange</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Oxygenation</li>
</ol>
<h3>Patient Education</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Proper dosing for narcotics, sedatives → signs of overdose to watch for</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Use of inhalers in asthma/COPD</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Purpose for mechanical ventilation</li>
</ol>

The nurse is caring for a client with respiratory acidosis due to a benzodiazepine overdose. Which of the following nursing interventions are appropriate for this client? Select all that apply.

The student nurse is shadowing an experienced nurse, who asks the student to name some causes of CO2 retention. The student nurse responds correctly by naming which of the following causes? Select all that apply.

The nurse is caring for a client with a collapsed lung following a motor vehicle accident and reviews the client’s newly resulted arterial blood gas values. Which of the following results most closely match this client’s condition?

 An unconscious client with an opioid overdose is triaged in the emergency department. ABG values reflect respiratory acidosis. Which of the following interventions address the cause of this client’s respiratory acidosis?

A client presents to the emergency department in anaphylactic shock. The nurse calls for assistance, grabs the crash cart, obtains vital signs, and starts an IV. Vital signs are as follows: Blood pressure 75/48, pulse 115, oxygen 73%, respiratory rate 30. Labs are drawn. The nurse suspects respiratory acidosis. Which of the following actions by the nurse are appropriate to help correct this client&rsquo;s condition? Select all that apply.

The nurse is caring for a client who overdosed on opioids. Which of the following is the most important goal for this client?

 A nurse is working with a client who is in labor. The client is being monitored with an oxygen saturation probe and hemodynamic monitor because of her history of respiratory disease. During one of her contractions, the nurse notes that the client’s oxygen saturation levels drop to 86 percent and remains there after the contraction has subsided. Which intervention should the nurse perform in response?

 A client is admitted to the ICU with confirmed opioid overdose. The ABG results reflect a pH of 7.27, PaCO2 of 55, and an HCO3 of 26. Based on the client’s condition and blood-gas analysis, the nurse must work to correct which of the following?

 The nurse is working in the emergency department caring for a client who presents with slow, shallow respirations related to a suspected narcotic overdose. The provider orders blood work, including ABGs. Which of the following acid-base imbalances would the nurse expect for this client?

 The student nurse is discussing acid-base imbalances with the preceptor. The student correctly explains that respiratory acidosis results when which of the following occurs?

63 Must Know Lab Values

Respiratory Acidosis Assessment

Respiratory Acidosis Interventions

Now that we have reviewed how to interpret the acid-base portion of an arterial blood gas, we are going to start diving into the four specific conditions and what causes them and how they present. The first one we will look at is respiratory acidosis.

The lab values that you'll see in respiratory acidosis are a low pH and a high PaCO2. Because of the conditions associated with respiratory acidosis, it is very likely that you will also see some hypoxemia evidenced by a low PaO2 and a low SaO2

So, the number one thing that causes respiratory acidosis is retention of carbon dioxide. Remember that we breathe out carbon dioxide with every breath. Think of it like the pressure release valve on water heater. When the pressure gets too high the release valve opens to let out some of the steam. Our lungs do the same thing when carbon dioxide gets too high. If anything causes that pressure release valve to be blocked or to not work appropriately, that carbon dioxide will get stuck inside body. The most common cause is hypoventilation. Hypoventilation could be a low respiratory rate or very shallow respirations or both. Less breathing means less CO2 being blown off. This happens quite frequently with any kind of sedative or opioid overdose. Other possible causes of CO2 retention are anything that obstructs airflow or prevents expansion of the lungs. Remember, it's all about gas exchange, so anything that prevents proper gas exchange could cause us to retain carbon dioxide. This could be aspiration, asthma, COPD, or bronchospasm obstructing flow. Or, it could be some form of lung collapse like atelectasis, or a hemo or pneumothorax preventing expansion of the lung. So any of these things can cause CO2 to be built up in our system. And remember that CO2 is an acid. so more CO2 means more acid, hence respiratory acidosis.

The number one thing that you're going to assess in a patient with respiratory acidosis is signs and symptoms of the cause of the acidosis. So you may see decreased lung sounds if they have a pneumothorax, or decreased level of consciousness if they have overdosed on a sedative or an opioid. Make sure that you are thoroughly assessing those things in addition to the signs of the acidosis itself. Those signs would be things like decreased level of consciousness, confusion, and commonly they get quite restless or anxious. Remember that the brain is VERY greedy and VERY sensitive to changes in pH and CO2 levels. They may also have trouble breathing or have a headache. And, it is also possible with acidosis that we will see vomiting. It’s a way for the body to get rid of excess circulating acids. However, because this is a respiratory source, it is much less common than it is with a metabolic acidosis. The other things we will see are muscle weakness and arrhythmias related to the hyperkalemia. Remember that the excess hydrogen ions in acidosis will attempt to switch places with the potassium inside the cell. That kicks extra potassium out into the bloodstream causing hyperkalemia. So, you will see signs of the cause, signs of the acidosis, and possibly signs of hyperkalemia.
<ul>
 	<li>What are the nursing interventions for respiratory acidosis?
<ul>
 	<li>Address the cause, Provide supplemental oxygen, Airway Support via bronchodilators, artificial airways, and ventilation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
Management of pretty much every acid-base imbalance will always start with fixing the cause. We need to protect and open up their airways if they have some kind of obstruction. This might mean bronchodilators or an artificial airway. We also may need to provide assistance with ventilation. This could be non-invasive ventilation like BiPAP or CPAP or it could be invasive ventilation where we intubate the patient and place them on a mechanical ventilator. Either way those things are going to help facilitate the gas exchange and control the CO2 excretion a bit better. If they have signs of a possible drug overdose, then we need to reverse that drug overdose. Opioids get reversed with naloxone, and benzodiazepines get reversed with flumazenil. Make sure you know what your patient has going on specifically and do a detailed assessment so you know how to proceed to fix the problem.

Priority nursing concepts for a patient with respiratory acidosis will be, of course, acid-base balance. Also gas exchange and oxygenation. Remember that the whole process of exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen occurs in the lungs. if we aren't getting the CO2 out, we probably aren't getting much oxygen in either.

So let's recap. The lab values that you'll see in a respiratory acidosis are a low ph and a high PaCO2, plus also possible low oxygenation values as well. Common causes are things that will create retention of carbon dioxide like hypoventilation, airway obstruction, and lung collapse. When you assess the patient you will see signs of the cause, signs of acidosis like decreased LOC, and possibly vomiting, and signs of hyperkalemia like arrhythmias. To manage respiratory acidosis, our number one priority is to support their ventilation and oxygenation, and to identify and treat the cause.

Remember that providing supplemental oxygen to someone who is not breathing correctly or has an airway obstruction is not beneficial. Make sure that their Airway is open and that their breathing is appropriate, and then provide oxygen. Yes, in the real world it only takes 5 Seconds to apply oxygen. However, it also only takes 5 Seconds to apply an EKG lead, but that is not going to help the patient. It's not always about how quickly you can do something, but about the impact it's actually going to have. So make sure that your patients airway and breathing are taking care of first.

So, that’s it for respiratory acidosis. I’ve attached the ARDS case study, because it’s a classic example of respiratory acidosis. So make sure you check that out, as well as all of the other resources attached to this lesson, and that you check out the next 3 lessons to learn about the other acid-base imbalances too! Now, go out and be your best selves today. And, as always, happy nursing!!

Respiratory Acidosis (interpretation and nursing interventions)

Included In This Lesson

Study Tools

Outline

Overview

Nursing Points

General

Assessment

Respiratory Acidosis Nursing Interventions

Nursing Concepts

Patient Education

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ABG

0 – Arterial Blood Gas Course Introduction

1 – Arterial Blood Gases

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