<h3>Overview</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pulmonary blood flow is obstructed
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Causing pressure to be higher in the Rt not the Lt</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Deoxygenated blood  is then shunted from the  Rt side of heart to Lt side.  </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Deoxygenated blood is circulated throughout the body
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Causing hypoxemia and cyanosis</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h3>Nursing Points</h3>
<h4>General</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tetralogy of Fallot
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Four anatomical abnormalities
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pulmonary stenosis 
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Most critical factor</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Rt  ventricular hypertrophy</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Ventricular Septal Defect</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Overriding aorta 
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Aorta positioned over VSD instead of left ventricle</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Most common cyanotic defect</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tricuspid Atresia
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tricuspid valve does not develop
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">No connection between Rt atrium and Rt ventricle. </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mix </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Absent or hypoplastic right ventricle</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Assessment</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tetralogy of Fallot
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Mild to Severe Cyanosis
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Progressive cyanosis as  pulmonary stenosis worsens</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tet Spells
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Acute cyanotic episodes
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Usually during feeds or crying</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Keep calm, provide O2, IV fluids</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Squatting position
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Attempt of child to compensate </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Kinks femoral artery</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Increases peripheral vascular resistance</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Leading to increased left ventricular pressure</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Clubbing (fingers and toes)
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Sign of chronic hypoxia</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Difficulty feeding
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Failure to thrive</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tricuspid Atresia
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Cyanosis</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tachycardia</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Dyspnea</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Difficulty feeding
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Failure to thrive</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Perspiration </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Clubbing – sign of chronic hypoxia</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Therapeutic Management</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tetralogy of Fallot
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Treating Tet Spells
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Knee/Chest Position</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Administer 100% oxygen “blow by” </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Give morphine IV or SQ
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Calms child</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Reduces RR</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Normalises systemic venous return
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Decreases Right to Left shunting </li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Surgical repair
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">First year of life</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Septal defect closed</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Rt  ventricular outflow enlarged</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tricuspid Atresia
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Cardiac catheterization for smaller defects</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">More extensive surgery for larger defects</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Nursing Concepts</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Perfusion</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Oxygenation</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Gas Exchange</li>
</ol>
<h3>Patient Education</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Frequent Rest Periods</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">s/s Hypoxemia to report to provider</li>
</ol>

Pediatrics

09-03-defects-of-decreased-pulmonary-blood-flow

09.03 Defects of Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow

<h3>Overview</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Inflammation of the lung affecting primarily the alveoli</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Consolidation =  liquid instead of air
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Alveoli fill with pus and liquid</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Bacterial pneumonia generally requires hospitalization</li>
</ol>
<h3>Nursing Points</h3>
<h4>General</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Types
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Viral (RSV, Adenovirus, Influenza) </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Bacterial (S. pneumoniae) </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Fungal</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Chemical irritants</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Aspiration – food, secretions, or liquids enter the airway and cause inflammation</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Diagnosis
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Chest X-ray</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Sputum culture</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Blood test</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Prevention
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Vaccines</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Proper hand washing</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Assessment</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">General 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">High fever</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Cough (non-productive → productive)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tachypnea</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Crackles, decreased breath sounds</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Dullness with percussion</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Chest pain (often referred to abdomen in kids)  </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Increased Work of Breathing
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Retractions</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Nasal Flaring</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Grunting</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pallor/Cyanosis </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Vomiting (often from intense coughing)</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Bacterial
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Productive cough
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Green, yellow, or bloody mucus</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Assess for dehydration 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Due to fever &amp; insensible losses</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Therapeutic Management</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">General 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Monitor respiratory status
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Clear airway with suction </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Monitor SpO2</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Assess work of breathing</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Provide oxygen as needed 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Humidified to moisten airway</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Provide CPT</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Encourage increased fluid intake</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Isolation precautions</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Ventilation support</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Medications
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Antipyretics</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Cough Suppressant</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Viral
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Symptomatic/Supportive 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">See above</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Bacterial
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Medications
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Antibiotics</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Chest tube
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Make developmental considerations for the procedure but nursing care is the same as with adults.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Nursing Concepts</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Oxygenation</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Gas Exchange</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Infection Control</li>
</ol>
<h3>Patient Education</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">s/s to report to provider – especially green sputum or signs of hypoxia</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Take full course of antibiotics if bacterial</li>
</ol>

08-04-pneumonia

08.04 Pneumonia

<h3>Overview</h3>
<ol>
<li>Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways (bronchi and bronchioles)</li>
</ol>
<h3>Nursing Points</h3>
<h4>General</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Patho
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Abnormal, heightened airway reactivity </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Exposure to trigger → 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Inflammation + Mucus </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Bronchospasm (decreases size of airway) </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Airflow obstruction </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Airway remodeling (long-term changes to lungs, scarring) </li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Triggers
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">A- allergens (seasonal, animal, food) </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">S- sport or smoking </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">T-temperatures (change in season, cold air) </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">H- hazards (chemicals)  </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">M- microbes (infection) </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">A- anxiety</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Diagnosis and Clinical tests 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Clinical diagnosis 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">No specific test is definitive</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Based on symptoms and history</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Confirmed with Spirometry 
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Can be used with kids &gt;5-6 years</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Helps assess effectiveness of treatment </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Done at least every year </li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Peak Flow Meter
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Evaluates how much air they can blow out in 1 second </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Always double check child’s technique </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Establish personal best when asthma is stable </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Then use to assess severity of asthma exacerbation 
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Green (80-100% of personal best) = no concerns </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Yellow (50-79% of personal best) = caution </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Red (&lt;50% of personal best) = medical emergency </li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Allergen Testing
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Skin and inhaled</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Others
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Exercise challenges</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Radiograph</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Assessment</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Acute Exacerbation
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Shortness of breath
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Unable to speak in complete sentences </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Cough </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Retractions </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Chest tightness</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Wheeze </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Prolonged expiration</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Silent chest – complete obstruction of airflow</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Obtain blood for ABG</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Status asthmaticus
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Acute asthma attack that is resistant to treatment</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">May result in respiratory failure or death</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Associated with “silent chest” on auscultation</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Chronic- poorly controlled asthma 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Frequent exacerbations</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Nighttime cough </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Barrel chest</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Elevated shoulders </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Use of accessory muscles </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Growth delay</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Puberty delay</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Therapeutic Management</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Goals
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Prevention by reducing exposure to triggers </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Long-term suppression of inflammation </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Managing acute exacerbations </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Allergen Control 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Keep living environment clean (minimize dust, pet dander, mold, damp)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Avoid 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Secondhand smoke</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Cleaning products</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Long-term Control 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Inhaled Corticosteroids 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Ex: Budesonide &amp; Fluticasone</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Taken daily regardless of symptoms</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Rinse mouth out after inhalation (to prevent thrush!)</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">B-Adrenergic agonist (short acting)
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Ex: Albuterol, Levalbuterol, Terbutaline</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Relaxes smooth muscles </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Stops bronchospasm </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Medications to add to step up treatment
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"> Leukotriene modifiers
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Ex: Montelukast sodium </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Block leukotrienes from over-responding to triggers</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Salmeterol (Long-Acting Bronchodilator) 
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Used to help prevent Exercise-induced bronchospasms</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Acute Exacerbation
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">ABC’s </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Supplemental O2</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">B-Adrenergic agonist (short acting_ 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Albuterol </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">“Back-to-Back nebs”
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">3 doses given 20 minutes apart</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Corticosteroids (systemic)
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">IV, IM, PO </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">If initial efforts are ineffective the provider may add the following
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Ipratropium Bromide via neb
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Relieve bronchospasm </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Magnesium sulfide via IV</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Theophylline via neb or IV</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Nursing Concepts</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Oxygenation</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Gas Exchange</li>
</ol>
<h3>Patient Education</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Parents should keep emergency contact phone numbers available</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Instruct the family on the use of 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Nebulizers</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Metered-Dose Inhalers &amp; Spacers
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Inhaled Corticosteroids
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Must be taken daily regardless of symptoms</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Rinse mouth out after to avoid oral thrush</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">See this video as a resource: https://www.nationaljewish.org/treatment-programs/medications/inhaled-medication-asthma-inhaler-copd-inhaler/metered-dose/mdi-spacers
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Common issues
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Forgetting to shake inhaler</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Putting more than 1 puff in the chamber at a time</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Child breaths too rapidly </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Not using a spacer
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Kids embarrassed to carry it around </li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Peak flow meters
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Proper use</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Interpreting findings
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Green/Yellow/Red </li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>

08-05-asthma

08.05 Asthma

<h3>Overview</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Inflammation of the large airways
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Trachea and bronchi</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"> Usually caused by a viral infection</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Associated with URI symptoms</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h3>Nursing Points</h3>
<h4>General</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Often referred to as a chest cold</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Generally self-limiting to three weeks</li>
</ol>
<h4>Assessment</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Cough
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Dry, hacking</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Painful</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Non-productive → Productive </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Worse at night</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Wheezing</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Shortness of breath</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Fever</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Chest discomfort</li>
</ol>
<h4>Therapeutic Management</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Encourage increased fluid intake</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Avoid irritants
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Secondhand smoke </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Medications
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Antipyretic</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Cough suppressant
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Often avoided &lt; 2yr olds</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Antibiotics are generally avoided</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Frequent hand washing</li>
</ol>
<h4>Nursing Concepts</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Infection Control</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Oxygenation</li>
</ol>
<h3>Patient Education</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Hand hygiene and cover coughs</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Antibiotics will not be effective on virus</li>
</ol>

08-02-acute-bronchitis

08.02 Acute Bronchitis

<h3>Overview</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Inflammation of the bronchioles
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Bronchioles are the smallest branches off of the bronchi that lead to the alveoli
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Alveoli = tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs </li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Results in thick mucus production that occludes airways.</li>
</ol>
<h3>Nursing Points</h3>
<h4>General</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Most often occurs &lt; two yrs </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Winter illness (usually) </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Common cause is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Highly contagious </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Spread via contact with airway secretions.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Symptoms worse days 4-6 of illness </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Condition can deteriorate rapidly</li>
</ol>
<h4>Assessment</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Copious nasal secretions </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Coughing</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Fever</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Increased Work of Breathing
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Shortness of breath</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Retractions </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Nasal flaring </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tachypnea → progressing to episodes of apnea 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">(&gt;70 rpm) </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">On auscultation
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Crackles</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Wheezing</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Hypoxia </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Poor feeding</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Lethargy</li>
</ol>
<h4>Therapeutic Management</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Treatment is generally supportive (symptom management)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Monitor and assess respiratory status
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Work of breathing</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Continuous SpO2</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Maintain airway 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Position the child in semi fowlers 
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Neck extended to best open the airway</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Keep suction equipment at bedside</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Provide humidified air or oxygen 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Nasal cannula</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">High Flow Nasal Cannula </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Maintain adequate fluid intake
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">NG tube </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">IV fluids </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Suction nose prior to feeding</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Medications
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Antivirals (ribavirin)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Controversial use of surfactant, CPT, and bronchodilators
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">*See AAP (2015) <a href="https://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/35/12/519">https://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/35/12/519</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Infection Control
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Isolation</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Contact precautions</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Good hand hygiene</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Nursing Concepts</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Oxygenation</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Gas Exchange</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Infection Control</li>
</ol>
<h3>Patient Education</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Isolate from other children</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Help parents know the prognosis and plan of care to ease anxiety</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Prevention
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Palivizumab 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Primarily for babies born prematurely or with other risk factors like Cystic Fibrosis or Down Syndrome.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; width: 100%;background:white;border-radius:4px;padding:20px">
 <center>
 Want to learn more? View a suggested lesson<h4 style="margin: 10px;"><a href="https://admin.nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-bronchiolitis-respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv/" style="text-decoration:none;">Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Bronchiolitis / Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)</a></h4></center>
 </div>

bronchiolitis-and-respiratory-syncytial-virus

Bronchiolitis and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

<h3>Overview</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Inflammation of the epiglottis</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B </li>
</ol>
<h3>Nursing Points</h3>
<h4>General</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Inflammation can restrict airway</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Considered a medical emergency</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Hib vaccine has reduced the incidence and risk </li>
</ol>
<h4>Assessment</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Fever</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Difficulty swallowing = drooling </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Stridor = high pitched upper airway noise
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Sign of airway obstruction</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Medical emergency </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Absence of cough </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tripod positioning
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;"> In attempt to ease effort of breathing</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Irritability</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Change in level of consciousness </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Cherry red  throat</li>
</ol>
<h4>Therapeutic Management</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">IV Antibiotics</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Oxygen (humidified) </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">May require invasive ventilation</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Nursing care
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Do not leave the child</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Call for emergency airway equipment</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Keep child calm and comfortable until emergency airway equipment is available. </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Things to avoid &#8211; (Can cause spasms and cause complete airway obstruction)
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Irritating the child </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Assessing the throat</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Use of tongue depressors</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Use of oral thermometers </li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Maintain NPO</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Positioning
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Avoid supine positioning which can further restrict airway.  </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tripod position is usually most comfortable </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Administer oxygen as ordered</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Administer antibiotics as ordered </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Ask parents if their child has had the Hib vaccine</li>
</ol>
<h4>Nursing Concepts</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Oxygenation</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Infection Control </li>
</ol>
<h3>Patient Education</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Educate parents when to call 911</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Non-Pharmacological options to relieve shortness of breath</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; width: 100%;background:white;border-radius:4px;padding:20px">
 <center>
 Want to learn more? View a suggested lesson<h4 style="margin: 10px;"><a href="https://admin.nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-epiglottitis/" style="text-decoration:none;">Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Epiglottitis</a></h4></center>
 </div>

epiglottitis

Epiglottitis

<h3>Overview</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Autosomal recessive trait </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Mutation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene leading to buildup of mucus that obstructs pathways in the body. </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Life expectancy is 37 years old (According to the NIH, 2016)
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Most common cause of death is respiratory failure</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h3>Nursing Points</h3>
<h4>General</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Primary clinical features
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Mechanical obstruction caused by very thick mucus. </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Primarily affects:
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Bronchi</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Small Intestines</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pancreatic ducts</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Bile ducts</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Diagnosis
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Newborn screening
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Meconium ileus </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Blood test for elevated levels of immunoreactive trypsinogen</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Sweat Chloride Test
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Small amount of sweat collected, and chloride levels are analyzed</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Genetic testing
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">DNA analyzed for gene defects</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Assessment</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Respiratory
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Excessive mucus</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Frequent lung infections</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Chronic hypoxemia</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Clubbing of fingers and toes</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Cyanosis</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Barrel chest</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Gastrointestinal
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Intestinal obstruction due to thick mucus secretions</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Meconium ileus 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Failure of newborn to pass first stool in 24 hours</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">10% of cases present in this way</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Large, bulky, frothy, foul-smelling stool</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Fat soluble vitamin deficiency (ADEK)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Malnutrition</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Failure to thrive</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Endocrine
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Cystic Fibrosis-related diabetes</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Assess for signs of diabetes mellitus
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Polydipsia, Polyuria, Polyphagia </li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Integumentary
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Excessively “salty” tasting sweat
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Elevated levels of chloride in sweat</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Reproductive
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Males are generally infertile</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Therapeutic Management</h4>
<ol>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Goals of Treatment
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Prevent pulmonary complications
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Frequent infections
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pseudomonas</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">MRSA</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Provide adequate nutrition for growth</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Promote quality of life</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pulmonary Treatments 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Airway Clearance Therapy 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Chest physiotherapy</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">High-Frequency Chest Compression (Vest) </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Flutter device </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Monitor for respiratory infections</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Assess respiratory effort</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Oxygen as needed</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Medications:
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Bronchodilators
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Administered before percussion </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">IV antibiotics </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Nebulized antibiotics 
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tobramycin</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Gastrointestinal Treatments 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">High calorie, high protein diet</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Increase fluid intake</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Assess weight frequently </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Monitor for intestinal obstruction</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Medication:
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pancreatic enzymes
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Within 30 minutes of eating and with every meal</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Capsules can be sprinkled on food</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Fat soluble vitamin replacement (ADEK) </li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Promoting quality of life
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Encourage adherence to treatment plan </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Assess for signs of depression </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Provide emotional support surrounding frequent hospitalizations</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Care adapted as the child moves through different developmental stages
<ol>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ol>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Nursing Concepts</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Oxygenation</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Gastrointestinal/Liver Metabolism</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Gas Exchange</li>
</ol>
<h3>Patient Education</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Daily requirements for breathing treatments and CPT</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Dietary requirements and restrictions</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Triggers to avoid (sick contacts, etc.)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Educate parents on immunization schedules</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Educate on the importance of adherence to medications</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; width: 100%;background:white;border-radius:4px;padding:20px">
 <center>
 Want to learn more? View a suggested lesson<h4 style="margin: 10px;"><a href="https://admin.nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-cystic-fibrosis/" style="text-decoration:none;">Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Cystic Fibrosis</a></h4></center>
 </div>

cystic-fibrosis

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

<h3>Overview</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Sudden death of an infant less than 1 year of age that cannot be explained after a thorough investigation is conducted
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Investigation must include
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Complete autopsy</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Examination of the death scene</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Review of the clinical history</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">SIDS is the leading cause of death in infants 1 to 12 months old. (Source: CDC.gov)
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">About 1,500 infants died of SIDS in 2014.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h3>Nursing Points</h3>
<h4>General</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Facts
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Most often occurs in winter months</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Peak incidence 2-4 months </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Most often occurs during sleep</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Risk Factors
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Maternal smoking</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Co-sleeping</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Prone sleeping</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Soft bedding</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Low birth weight</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Prematurity</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Recent viral illness</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Male gender</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">American Indian or African American ethnicity </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Family history </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Protective Measures
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Breastfeeding </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pacifier use</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Sleeping on back</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Assessment</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Apparently, healthy infant found cyanotic, apneic, and possibly pulseless</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Assess for signs of abuse
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Bruising</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Fractures </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Head trauma</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Malnutrition</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Therapeutic Management</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Requires investigation and autopsy 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Stressful for grieving parents</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Avoid indicating wrongdoing </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Avoid insensitive remarks 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">“Why didn’t you check on your child earlier?”</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">“Why were you using so many blankets? </li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Provide parents with psychological support
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Allow them the opportunity to say goodbye to their child</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Prevention is the goal! 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Patient Education 
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Avoid prone sleeping position</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Avoid co-sleeping</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Avoid smoking around infant or while pregnant</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Avoid the use of soft bedding</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Avoid overheating baby</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Avoid excessive time in infant seats</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Place infant in prone position while awake 
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">To prevent positional plagiocephaly (flat spots on the head)</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Nursing Concepts</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Oxygenation</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Grief</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">End of Life</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Coping</li>
</ol>
<h3>Patient Education</h3>
<ol>
<li>Prevention methods</li>
</ol>

08-07-sudden-infant-death-syndrome

08.07 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

**NextGen Practice and Understanding

pediatric-asthma-nextgen

Pediatric Asthma [NextGen]

In this course, you'll be able to learn different mnemonics that will help you to remember the need to know nursing information!

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Aortic Stenosis Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (SAD)

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Bacterial Endocarditis – Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (Be Joan Of Arc)

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Circulatory Checks (5 P’s) Nursing Mnemonic (The 5 P’s)

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Coronary Arteries – Location Nursing Mnemonic (I have a RIGHT to CAMP if you LEFT off the AC)

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Cor Pulmonale – Signs & Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (Please Read His Text)

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CHF Treatment Nursing Mnemonic (UNLOAD FAST)

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Cyanotic Defects Nursing Mnemonic (The 4 T’s)

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Heart Failure-Left-Sided Nursing Mnemonic (CHOP)

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Heart Failure-Origin Nursing Mnemonic (Left – Lung|Right – Rest)

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Heart Failure – Right Sided Nursing Mnemonic (HEAD)

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Heart Sounds Nursing Mnemonic (APE To Man – All People Enjoy Time Magazine)

nursing-mnemonics-the-4-cs

Hypertension- Complications Nursing Mnemonic (The 4 C’s)

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Hypertension – Nursing care Nursing Mnemonic (DIURETIC)

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Increase MAP Nursing Mnemonic (VAK)

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Murmur locations Nursing Mnemonic (hARD ASS MRS. MSD)

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Shock – Signs and symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (TV SPARC CUBE)

nursing-mnemonics-his-leg-might-fall-off

Vascular Disease – Deep Vein Thrombosis Nursing Mnemonic (HIS Leg Might Fall off)

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Vascular disease – Raynaud’s symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (COLD HAND)

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Vasospasm Therapy Nursing Mnemonic (Triple H Therapy)

Cardiovascular (Cardiac, CVD) Mnemonics

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Anion Gap Acidosis 1 Nursing Mnemonic (KULT)

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Anion Gap Acidosis 2 Nursing Mnemonic (MUDPILES)

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Arterial Blood Gases Nursing Mnemonic (ROME)

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Blood Type O Nursing Mnemonic (Universally Odd)

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Electrolytes – Location in Body Nursing Mnemonic (PISO)

nursing-mnemonics-groans-moans-bones-stones-overtones

Hypercalcemia – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (GROANS, MOANS, BONES, STONES, OVERTONES)

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Hyperkalemia – Causes Nursing Mnemonic (MACHINE)

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Hyperglycemia Management Nursing Mnemonic (Dry and Hot – Insulin Shot)

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Hyperkalemia – Management Nursing Mnemonic (AIRED)

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Hyperkalemia – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (Murder)

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Hypernatremia – Causes Nursing Mnemonic (MODEL)

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Hypernatremia – Signs and Symptoms 3 Nursing Mnemonic (SALT)

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Hypocalcemia – Definition, Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (CATS)

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Hypoglycemia – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (TIRED)

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Hypokalemia – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (6 L’s)

nursing-mnemonics-salt-loss

Hyponatremia- Definition, Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (SALT LOSS)

nursing-mnemonics-all-dogs-eat-kibble

Vitamins – Fat Soluble Nursing Mnemonic (All Dogs Eat Kibble)

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Vitamins – Water Soluble Nursing Mnemonic (Birth Control)

Electrolytes & Labs Mnemonics

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ADLs (Activity of Daily Living) Nursing Mnemonic (BATTED)

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Bleeding Complications (Minor) Nursing Mnemonic (BEEP)

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Mnemonic for Organ Systems (MR DICE RUNS)

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Bleeding Precautions Nursing Mnemonic (RANDI)

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Canes Nursing Mnemonic (COAL)

nursing-mnemonics-clpn

Caring Licensed Practical Nurse Nursing Mnemonic (CLPN)

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CHO, CHO, CHON Nursing Mnemonic (CHO, CHO, CHON)

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Community Health Tool Nursing Mnemonic (MAP-IT)

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Environmental Health Assessment Nursing Mnemonic (I PREPARE)

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Exercise Guidelines Nursing Mnemonic (FIT)

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Fire Safety 1 Nursing Mnemonic (PASS)

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Fire Safety 2 Nursing Mnemonic (RACE)

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Gluten Free Diet Nursing Mnemonic (BROW)

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High Pressure Vent Alarms Nursing Mnemonic (Kings Eat Big Cakes)

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IADLS (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living) Nursing Mnemonic (SCUM)

nursing-mnemonics-never-carry-dirty-socks-or-smelly-clothes

Levels of consciousness Nursing Mnemonic (Never Carry Dirty Socks Or Smelly Clothes)

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Low Pressure Vent Alarms Nursing Mnemonic (Cake Everyday)

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Pain Assessment Questions Nursing Mnemonic (OPQRST)

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Planning Community Health Interventions Nursing Mnemonic (PRECEDE-PROCEED)

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Promotion and Evaluation of Normal Elimination Nursing Mnemonic (POOPER SCOOP)

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Pupil Reactions Nursing Mnemonic (PERRLA)

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Safety Check Nursing Mnemonic (MADLE)

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SBAR Communication Nursing Mnemonic (SBAR)

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Steps In The Nursing Process 3 Nursing Mnemonic (SOAPIE)

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Stoke Assessments Nursing Mnemonic (FAST)

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Steps in the Nursing Process 1 Nursing Mnemonic (ADPIE)

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Steps in the Nursing Process 2 Nursing Mnemonic (AAPIE)

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Trauma – Assessment (Emergency) Nursing Mnemonic (ABCDEFGHI)

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Trauma – Complications Nursing Mnemonic (TRAUMATIC)

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Trauma Surgery – Medical History Nursing Mnemonic (AMPLE)

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Triage Nursing Mnemonic (START)

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Walkers Nursing Mnemonic (Wandering Wilma Always Late)

old-carts

OLD CARTS Mnemonic (OLD CARTS)

Fundamentals & Nursing Process Mnemonics

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Anorexia – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (ANOREXIA)

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Appendicitis – Assessment Nursing Mnemonic (PAINS)

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Bulimia – Signs and Symptoms 1 Nursing Mnemonic (BULIMIA)

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Bulimia – Signs and Symptoms 2 Nursing Mnemonic (WASHED)

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Crohn’s Morphology and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (CHRISTMAS)

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Cirrhosis Complications Nursing Mnemonic (Please Bring Happy Energy)

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Causes of Pancreatitis Nursing Mnemonic (BAD HITS)

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Diarrhea – Treatment Nursing Mnemonic (BRAT)

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Diverticulitis Complications Nursing Mnemonic (Please Fix His Abscess SOon)

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Epiglottitis – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (AIR RAID)

nursing-mnemonics-reflux-is-probably-mean

GERD causes Nursing Mnemonic (Reflux Is Probably Mean)

nursing-mnemonics-her-belly-really-hurts-following-dinner

Hiatal Hernia Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (Her Belly Really Hurts Following Dinner)

Gastrointestinal (GI) Mnemonics

nursing-mnemonics

Nursing Mnemonics

Hypoxia – Signs and Symptoms (in Pediatrics) Nursing Mnemonic (FINES)

Included In This Lesson

Outline

FINES

Description

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Nursing Mnemonics

Cardiovascular (Cardiac, CVD) Mnemonics

Electrolytes & Labs Mnemonics

Fundamentals & Nursing Process Mnemonics

Gastrointestinal (GI) Mnemonics

Hematology (Blood) & Oncology (Cancer) Mnemonics

Infections Mnemonics

Integumentary (Skin) Mnemonics

Metabolic & Endocrine Mnemonics

Musculoskeletal (Bones, Osteo) Mnemonics

Neurological Mnemonics

Mental Health Mnemonics

Obstetrics (OB) & Pediatrics (Peds) Mnemonics

Pharmacology (Medication) Mnemonics

Renal (Kidney, Nephrotic) Mnemonics

Respiratory System Mnemonics

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Hypoxia &#8211; Signs and Symptoms (in Pediatrics) Nursing Mnemonic (FINES)

Included In This Lesson

Outline

FINES

Description

View the FULL Outline

Nursing Mnemonics

Cardiovascular (Cardiac, CVD) Mnemonics

Electrolytes & Labs Mnemonics

Fundamentals & Nursing Process Mnemonics

Gastrointestinal (GI) Mnemonics

Hematology (Blood) & Oncology (Cancer) Mnemonics

Infections Mnemonics

Integumentary (Skin) Mnemonics

Metabolic & Endocrine Mnemonics

Musculoskeletal (Bones, Osteo) Mnemonics

Neurological Mnemonics

Mental Health Mnemonics

Obstetrics (OB) & Pediatrics (Peds) Mnemonics

Pharmacology (Medication) Mnemonics

Renal (Kidney, Nephrotic) Mnemonics

Respiratory System Mnemonics

Hypoxia – Signs and Symptoms (in Pediatrics) Nursing Mnemonic (FINES)