<h3>Overview</h3>
<ol style="list-style-type: upper-roman;">
<li>Dementia
<ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;">
<li>Abnormal brain changes
<ol>
<li>NOT part of the aging process</li>
<li>Damage to brain cells
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Difficulty or inability to communicate with each other</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>A decline in cognitive abilities</li>
<li>Affects
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Behavior</li>
<li>Feelings</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Symptoms vary from person to person
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Most common symptom
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li>Forgetfulness</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Type of dementia depends on the area of damage</li>
<li>Progressive
<ol>
<li>Irreversible</li>
<li>No cure</li>
<li>The process can be slowed with intervention</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Risk factors
<ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;">
<li>Age</li>
<li>Genetics</li>
<li>Lifestyle choices
<ol>
<li>Example: Alcoholism</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Medical history
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li>Head trauma</li>
<li>Heart disease</li>
<li>AIDS</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease</li>
</ol>
<ol>
<li style="list-style-type: none;">
<ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;">
<li>Type of dementia
<ol>
<li>Most common</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Main feature
<ol>
<li>&#8220;Plaques and tangles&#8221; in brain
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Abnormal clumps
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li>Plaque buildup between nerve cells</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Tangled bundles of fibers
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li>Inside nerve cells</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Brain tissue shrinkage</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Onset
<ol>
<li>Early
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Age 30-60</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Late
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Mid-60s</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Hippocampus
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Forms memories</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Risk factors
<ol>
<li>Age</li>
<li>Smoking</li>
<li>High blood pressure</li>
<li>Diabetes</li>
<li>Untreated high cholesterol</li>
<li>Family history</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Symptoms
<ol>
<li>Everyday tasks become problematic
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Paying bills</li>
<li>Personal care</li>
<li>Cooking</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Lose things</li>
<li>Behavioral and emotional changes
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Irritability</li>
<li>Depression</li>
<li>Anxiety</li>
<li>Paranoia</li>
<li>Personality</li>
<li>Judgment</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Sleep changes</li>
<li>Bowel &amp; Bladder changes</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Diagnosis &amp; Treatment
<ol>
<li>Diagnosis
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Brain scans
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-roman;">
<li>To rule out other issues</li>
<li>CT</li>
<li>MRI</li>
<li>PET</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Other tests
<ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;">
<li>Cognition exams
<ol>
<li>Ex: Mini-Mental Status exam
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Memory</li>
<li>Problem-solving</li>
<li>Counting</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Treatment
<ol>
<li>Medication
<ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;">
<li>DO NOT treat condition</li>
<li>DO NOT reverse condition</li>
<li>Slows progression</li>
<li>Targets symptoms, control behaviors</li>
<li>Cholinesterase inhibitors
<ol>
<li>Mild to moderate</li>
<li>Aricept</li>
<li>Exelon</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>NMDA antagonist
<ol>
<li>Moderate to severe</li>
<li>Namenda</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Antipsychotics &amp; Antidepressants</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Psychosocial
<ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;">
<li>Music therapy</li>
<li>Pet therapy</li>
<li>Behavioral support</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Safety &amp; Support
<ol style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;">
<li>Avoid triggers</li>
<li>Consistent routines</li>
<li>Avoid confrontation</li>
<li>Create calm environment</li>
<li>Redirection</li>
<li>Provide security objects</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; width: 100%;background:white;border-radius:4px;padding:20px">
 <center>
 Want to learn more? View a suggested lesson<h4 style="margin: 10px;"><a href="https://admin.nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-alzheimers-disease/" style="text-decoration:none;">Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Alzheimer’s Disease</a></h4></center>
 </div>

Mental Health

02-18-dementia-and-alzheimers

02.18 Dementia and Alzheimers

<h3>Overview</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Includes Autism-spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">ASD and ADHD discussed in Peds course</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h3>Nursing Points</h3>
<h4>General</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Dementia definition: a broad category of brain diseases that is gradual and long-term  that results in self-care deficits, largely affecting their ability to function. 
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">There are various types that can affect people of varying ages and it can progress at different rates.  </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">This results in judgement impairments, and issues problem solving and behavior.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Alzheimer’s Disease definition:  Alzheimer’s is a TYPE of dementia and is an irreversible form caused by nerve cell deterioration.  
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">There is a steady, progressive decline in functional capacity.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Assessment</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Apraxia: difficulty performing motor tasks</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Aphasia: difficulty progressing to inability to speak and understand what is being said to them</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Agnosia: doesn’t recognize familiar people or objects</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Amnesia: memory loss</li>
</ol>
<h4>Therapeutic Management</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Always educate family as disease progresses on best ways to interact to maximize time.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Caregiver stress
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Role strain &#8211; i.e. child caring for parent </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Sadness due to loved one not recognizing them</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">SAFETY
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Wandering can be an issue.  Units should be locked/secured, patients should be supervised.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Watch water temperature – may burn themselves</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Remove anything toxic or hazardous from easy access</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Watch for agitation
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Remove things that increase agitation</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Decrease stimuli/reassure patient</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Never argue</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Use a calm, reassuring voice with gentle touch (when appropriate)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Watch for sundowning (more issues at night)</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Communicate
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Needs will change as disease progresses</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Maintain eye contact</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Stand in front of them, be calm, firm, and direct with communication and tasks</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Simple one-step tasks/direction </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Use short, simple words</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Always identify them and yourself </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Reorient as needed (this may be very frequent)</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Promote their current abilities
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Keep familiar things around them</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Continually reinforce what they know and can do at this point in time</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Promote independence, supervise to ensure ADL’s are taken care of</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Utilize familiar simple games and activities they enjoy
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pay attention to their TV and music preferences</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Coloring</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Talk about their memories</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Books they enjoy</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Maintain routine</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pay attention for fatigue, memory strain, and agitation and provide ample time for rest</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Keep a calendar and clock on the wall and refer to it when discussing the date/time</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Provide positive reinforcement</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4>Nursing Concepts</h4>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Mood Affect</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Cognition</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Safety</li>
</ol>
<h3>Patient Education</h3>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Educate family on their role in promoting independence and safety</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Provide resources for respite care</li>
</ol>

mh-02-12-cognitive-impairment-disorders

02.12 Cognitive Impairment Disorders

In this course, you'll be able to learn different mnemonics that will help you to remember the need to know nursing information!

nursing-mnemonics-cram

Aortic Aneurysm – Management Nursing Mnemonic (CRAM)

nursing-mnemonics-pee-bads

Aortic Aneurysm – Thoracic signs Nursing Mnemonic (PEE BADS)

nursing-mnemonics-sad

Aortic Stenosis Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (SAD)

nursing-mnemonics-be-joan-of-arc

Bacterial Endocarditis – Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (Be Joan Of Arc)

nursing-mnemonics-toilet-paper-my-ass

Cardiac Valves Blood Flow Nursing Mnemonic (Toilet Paper my Ass)

nursing-mnemonics-the-5-ps

Circulatory Checks (5 P’s) Nursing Mnemonic (The 5 P’s)

nursing-mnemonics-i-have-a-right-to-camp-if-you-left-off-the-ac

Coronary Arteries – Location Nursing Mnemonic (I have a RIGHT to CAMP if you LEFT off the AC)

nursing-mnemonics-please-read-his-text

Cor Pulmonale – Signs & Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (Please Read His Text)

nursing-mnemonics-unload-fast

CHF Treatment Nursing Mnemonic (UNLOAD FAST)

nursing-mnemonics-the-4-ts

Cyanotic Defects Nursing Mnemonic (The 4 T’s)

nursing-mnemonics-chop

Heart Failure-Left-Sided Nursing Mnemonic (CHOP)

nursing-mnemonics-left-lung-right-rest

Heart Failure-Origin Nursing Mnemonic (Left – Lung|Right – Rest)

nursing-mnemonics-head

Heart Failure – Right Sided Nursing Mnemonic (HEAD)

nursing-mnemonics-ape-to-man

Heart Sounds Nursing Mnemonic (APE To Man – All People Enjoy Time Magazine)

nursing-mnemonics-the-4-cs

Hypertension- Complications Nursing Mnemonic (The 4 C’s)

nursing-mnemonics-diuretic

Hypertension – Nursing care Nursing Mnemonic (DIURETIC)

nursing-mnemonics-vak

Increase MAP Nursing Mnemonic (VAK)

nursing-mnemonics-hard-ass-mrs-msd

Murmur locations Nursing Mnemonic (hARD ASS MRS. MSD)

nursing-mnemonics-tv-sparc-cube

Shock – Signs and symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (TV SPARC CUBE)

nursing-mnemonics-his-leg-might-fall-off

Vascular Disease – Deep Vein Thrombosis Nursing Mnemonic (HIS Leg Might Fall off)

nursing-mnemonics-cold-hand

Vascular disease – Raynaud’s symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (COLD HAND)

nursing-mnemonics-triple-h-therapy

Vasospasm Therapy Nursing Mnemonic (Triple H Therapy)

Cardiovascular (Cardiac, CVD) Mnemonics

nursing-mnemonics-kult

Anion Gap Acidosis 1 Nursing Mnemonic (KULT)

nursing-mnemonics-mudpiles

Anion Gap Acidosis 2 Nursing Mnemonic (MUDPILES)

nursing-mnemonics-rome

Arterial Blood Gases Nursing Mnemonic (ROME)

nursing-mnemonics-universally-odd

Blood Type O Nursing Mnemonic (Universally Odd)

nursing-mnemonics-piso

Electrolytes – Location in Body Nursing Mnemonic (PISO)

nursing-mnemonics-groans-moans-bones-stones-overtones

Hypercalcemia – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (GROANS, MOANS, BONES, STONES, OVERTONES)

nursing-mnemonics-machine

Hyperkalemia – Causes Nursing Mnemonic (MACHINE)

nursing-mnemonics-dry-hot-insulin-shot

Hyperglycemia Management Nursing Mnemonic (Dry and Hot – Insulin Shot)

nursing-mnemonics-aired

Hyperkalemia – Management Nursing Mnemonic (AIRED)

nursing-mnemonics-murder

Hyperkalemia – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (Murder)

nursing-mnemonics-model

Hypernatremia – Causes Nursing Mnemonic (MODEL)

nursing-mnemonics-salt

Hypernatremia – Signs and Symptoms 3 Nursing Mnemonic (SALT)

nursing-mnemonics-cats

Hypocalcemia – Definition, Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (CATS)

nursing-mnemonics-tired

Hypoglycemia – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (TIRED)

nursing-mnemonics-6-ls

Hypokalemia – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (6 L’s)

nursing-mnemonics-salt-loss

Hyponatremia- Definition, Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (SALT LOSS)

nursing-mnemonics-all-dogs-eat-kibble

Vitamins – Fat Soluble Nursing Mnemonic (All Dogs Eat Kibble)

nursing-mnemonics-birth-control

Vitamins – Water Soluble Nursing Mnemonic (Birth Control)

Electrolytes & Labs Mnemonics

nursing-mnemonics-batted

ADLs (Activity of Daily Living) Nursing Mnemonic (BATTED)

nursing-mnemonics-beep

Bleeding Complications (Minor) Nursing Mnemonic (BEEP)

nursing-mnemonics-mr-dice-runs

Mnemonic for Organ Systems (MR DICE RUNS)

nursing-mnemonics-randi

Bleeding Precautions Nursing Mnemonic (RANDI)

nursing-mnemonics-coal

Canes Nursing Mnemonic (COAL)

nursing-mnemonics-clpn

Caring Licensed Practical Nurse Nursing Mnemonic (CLPN)

nursing-mnemonics-cho-cho-chon

CHO, CHO, CHON Nursing Mnemonic (CHO, CHO, CHON)

nursing-mnemonics-map-it

Community Health Tool Nursing Mnemonic (MAP-IT)

nursing-mnemonics-i-prepare

Environmental Health Assessment Nursing Mnemonic (I PREPARE)

nursing-mnemonics-fit

Exercise Guidelines Nursing Mnemonic (FIT)

nursing-mnemonics-pass

Fire Safety 1 Nursing Mnemonic (PASS)

nursing-mnemonics-race

Fire Safety 2 Nursing Mnemonic (RACE)

nursing-mnemonics-brow

Gluten Free Diet Nursing Mnemonic (BROW)

nursing-mnemonics-kings-eat-big-cakes

High Pressure Vent Alarms Nursing Mnemonic (Kings Eat Big Cakes)

nursing-mnemonics-scum

IADLS (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living) Nursing Mnemonic (SCUM)

nursing-mnemonics-never-carry-dirty-socks-or-smelly-clothes

Levels of consciousness Nursing Mnemonic (Never Carry Dirty Socks Or Smelly Clothes)

nursing-mnemonics-cake-everyday

Low Pressure Vent Alarms Nursing Mnemonic (Cake Everyday)

nursing-mnemonics-opqrst

Pain Assessment Questions Nursing Mnemonic (OPQRST)

nursing-mnemonics-precede-proceed

Planning Community Health Interventions Nursing Mnemonic (PRECEDE-PROCEED)

nursing-mnemonics-pooper-scoop

Promotion and Evaluation of Normal Elimination Nursing Mnemonic (POOPER SCOOP)

nursing-mnemonics-perrla

Pupil Reactions Nursing Mnemonic (PERRLA)

nursing-mnemonics-madle

Safety Check Nursing Mnemonic (MADLE)

nursing-mnemonics-sbar

SBAR Communication Nursing Mnemonic (SBAR)

nursing-mnemonics-soapie

Steps In The Nursing Process 3 Nursing Mnemonic (SOAPIE)

nursing-mnemonics-fast

Stoke Assessments Nursing Mnemonic (FAST)

nursing-mnemonics-adpie-a-delicious-pie

Steps in the Nursing Process 1 Nursing Mnemonic (ADPIE)

nursing-mnemonics-aapie-an-apple-pie

Steps in the Nursing Process 2 Nursing Mnemonic (AAPIE)

nursing-mnemonics-abcdefghi

Trauma – Assessment (Emergency) Nursing Mnemonic (ABCDEFGHI)

nursing-mnemonics-traumatic

Trauma – Complications Nursing Mnemonic (TRAUMATIC)

nursing-mnemonics-ample

Trauma Surgery – Medical History Nursing Mnemonic (AMPLE)

nursing-mnemonics-start

Triage Nursing Mnemonic (START)

nursing-mnemonics-wandering-wilma-always-late

Walkers Nursing Mnemonic (Wandering Wilma Always Late)

old-carts

OLD CARTS Mnemonic (OLD CARTS)

Fundamentals & Nursing Process Mnemonics

nursing-mnemonics-anorexia

Anorexia – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (ANOREXIA)

nursing-mnemonics-pains

Appendicitis – Assessment Nursing Mnemonic (PAINS)

nursing-mnemonics-bulimia

Bulimia – Signs and Symptoms 1 Nursing Mnemonic (BULIMIA)

nursing-mnemonics-washed

Bulimia – Signs and Symptoms 2 Nursing Mnemonic (WASHED)

nursing-mnemonics-christmas

Crohn’s Morphology and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (CHRISTMAS)

nursing-mnemonics-please-bring-happy-energy

Cirrhosis Complications Nursing Mnemonic (Please Bring Happy Energy)

nursing-mnemonics-bad-hits

Causes of Pancreatitis Nursing Mnemonic (BAD HITS)

nursing-mnemonics-brat

Diarrhea – Treatment Nursing Mnemonic (BRAT)

nursing-mnemonics-please-fix-his-abscess-soon

Diverticulitis Complications Nursing Mnemonic (Please Fix His Abscess SOon)

nursing-mnemonics-air-raid

Epiglottitis – Signs and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (AIR RAID)

nursing-mnemonics-reflux-is-probably-mean

GERD causes Nursing Mnemonic (Reflux Is Probably Mean)

nursing-mnemonics-her-belly-really-hurts-following-dinner

Hiatal Hernia Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (Her Belly Really Hurts Following Dinner)

nursing-mnemonics-5-fs

Risk Factors for Cholelithiasis Nursing Mnemonic (5-F’s)

nursing-mnemonics-the-3-cs

Tracheal Esophageal Fistula – Sign and Symptoms Nursing Mnemonic (The 3 C’s)

Alzheimer – Diagnosis Nursing Mnemonic (The 5 A’s)

Included In This Lesson

Outline

The 5 A’s

Description

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Associated Lessons

Nursing Mnemonics

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